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For example, floppy and removable disks are common virus vectors, so removable disks are usually scanned whenever they are inserted. So virus scanners usually limit themselves to a smaller list of probable hosts. Scanning every one of these programs every time the virus scanner is run would take an unreasonably long time. On a modern computer, there may be hundreds or even thousands of potential host programs. Theoretically, a virus could attach itself to any executable program. The third complication has to do with performance.

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Virus scanners can beat this technique either by setting their patterns to search for the part of the program that decrypts the virus (this code must necessarily be unencrypted) or by duplicating the decryption operation before doing their matching. For example, many viruses store themselves in an encrypted form, varying the encryption key as they travel so that the encrypted patterns are different on each victim machine. The second complication is that virus writers do not want their viruses to be detected, so they engage in a war of stealth techniques. Part of the technicians' job is to find patterns that are unique to the viruses. For example, a pattern containing just the word 'hello' would not be very useful. The first is that the patterns, if ill chosen, can legitimately appear in uninfected files. There are three complications with this scheme.

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Virus scanners can then download the patterns to bring their internal pattern lists up to date.

These patterns are identified by technicians at organizations specializing in computer security and are then made available on security Web sites. It might be a string of characters, such as a message that the virus will display on the screen when activated, or it might be binary computer code or even a particular bit of data that is embedded in the virus. A signature is a characteristic pattern that occurs in every copy of a virus. A virus scanner operates by searching for the signatures of known viruses. Worms and viruses require slightly different protection mechanisms because of their different propagation methods.

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Most malicious software today consists of worms rather than viruses. Depending on the form, a worm may be able to propagate without any action on the victim's part. In contrast, a worm is an independent program that reproduces itself without requiring a host program. Like a biological virus, it cannot live without a host. A virus attaches itself to an existing program such that, when that program is executed, bad things happen. The two most pervasive forms are viruses and worms. Malicious software comes in several flavors, distinguished primarily by their method of propagation. Geoff Kuenning, a professor of computer science at Harvey Mudd College, provides this explanation.

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